Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease or periodontitis, is a progressive condition that can lead to tooth loss if not treated. It starts with inflammation and irritation of the gums due to the toxins in plaque, resulting in a bacterial infection.
The infection settles in the gums, forming deep pockets between the teeth and gums. When promptly treated by a periodontist, mild inflammation, known as gingivitis, can be fully reversed. However, if the bacterial infection progresses, it damages the gums and underlying jawbone, leading to tooth loss. In some cases, the bacteria from the infection can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.
Common Causes of Gum Disease
Gum disease can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing periodontitis. Here are some common causes of gum disease:
Poor dental hygiene: Maintaining good oral hygiene practices at home, along with regular dental visits for exams, cleanings, and x-rays, is crucial. Neglecting to remove bacteria and tartar can lead to gum and bone damage, causing gingivitis or periodontitis and potentially resulting in tooth loss.
Tobacco use: Smoking and tobacco use are major contributors to gum disease. Smokers are more prone to tartar build-up, deep gum pockets, and significant bone loss. Recovery and healing are also slower for smokers.
Genetic predisposition: About 30% of the population may have a genetic predisposition to gum disease, even with excellent oral hygiene. Genetic testing can identify susceptibility, and early intervention can help maintain oral health.
Pregnancy and menopause: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can make gum tissue more sensitive and susceptible to gum disease. Regular brushing and flossing are crucial during this time.
Chronic stress and poor diet: Stress weakens the immune system's ability to fight off infections, including gum disease. Poor diet and malnutrition can also impair the body's ability to combat periodontal infections and negatively impact gum health.
Diabetes and underlying medical issues: Medical conditions such as diabetes, respiratory disease, heart disease, arthritis, and osteoporosis can exacerbate gum disease. Diabetes, in particular, makes it harder to control and cure gum infections due to impaired insulin utilization.
Teeth grinding: Clenching or grinding teeth can damage the supportive tissues around the teeth and accelerate gum disease progression. Teeth grinding is often associated with misaligned teeth or a "bad bite."
Medications: Certain medications, including oral contraceptives, heart medications, anti-depressants, and steroids, can affect the condition of teeth and gums, making them more vulnerable to gum disease. Steroid use can promote gingival overgrowth and increase the likelihood of bacterial colonization in the gums.
Understanding these causes and taking appropriate preventive measures can help maintain oral health and reduce the risk of gum disease.
Treatment of Gum Disease
Periodontists are specialized dental professionals who focus on treating gum disease and performing dental implant procedures. They are equipped to handle various treatments to combat gum disease, such as deep cleaning procedures like scaling and root planing. They can also prescribe medications to address infections and stop the disease from advancing.
When tooth loss occurs, periodontists can promote natural tissue regeneration through tissue grafts and provide dental implant placement to replace missing teeth. Additionally, if gum recession causes an uneven or aesthetically displeasing smile, the periodontist can reshape the gingival tissue for a more balanced appearance.
Preventing periodontal disease is crucial for maintaining natural teeth. By understanding the causes of gum disease and discussing them with your dentist, you can take proactive steps to prevent, slow down, or avoid the recurrence of periodontal disease.
If you have any questions or concerns about the causes or treatments pertaining to gum disease, please ask your dentist.